Distribution and toxic potential of alkylphenols, nonylphenol ethoxylates, and pyrethroids in Minnesota, USA lake sediments

This study provided the first assessment of pyrethroids and pyrethrins in Minnesota, USA lake sediments, second one for alkylphenols (APs) nonylphenol ethoxylates (NPEs). Surficial sediments were collected 2017 from 30 small to medium-sized lakes, encompassing a variety watershed land uses ecoregions. These lakes targeted pool 50 randomly selected included National Lakes Assessment (NLA) study. Sixty percent (n = 18) had at least detection contaminant emerging concern (CEC). 4-Nonylphenols (4-NP) highest frequency (46.7%), followed by 4-nonylphenol monoethoxylates (4-NP1EO; 26.7%), bifenthrin (26.7%), diethoxylates (3.3%), resmethrin (3.3%). The prevalence 4-NP was consistent with degradation high production NPEs environment. All other CECs not detected. No detected three most remote located forested northeastern where atmospheric deposition would be likely source contamination. concentrations below levels benthic invertebrates. associated crop use Upper Midwest ecoregion number detections 4-NP, 4-NP1EO, bifenthrin. impacted development significantly higher (p < 0.05) 4-NP1EO than uses, while there no significant difference > between categories For time, ambient background threshold values calculated provide an indication sediment quality conditions represented diffuse anthropogenic sources. demonstrated benefit analyzing which random sampling design future NLA studies could utilized fully assess distribution toxic potential select nationwide.